Jos grew as a town of migrants, who arrived there from other parts of nigeria. Rotimi, 2010, sowing some of the seeds of later conflicts. Christianity is a recent import to africa, in comparison to islam. It should be noted that the system was partially successful in the western part of nigeria due to the check and balance system that existed in their precolonial political system later on, educated nigerian elites began to oppose the indirect rule for some reasons. Colonial, military, civilian, human rights, political, rule, law, representative, government. Indirect rule system in western eastern and northern. Why did the indirect rule work in northern nigeria and not. The people had different religions, different languages as well as sociopolitical systems. Of all these reasons, theres hardly any good enough to explain why the warrant chief system was introduced and carried out. Whoaims report on mental health system in nigeria, who and ministry of health, ibadan, nigeria, 2006. The colony of southern nigeria was divided in two in 1954 due to british divideandrule tactics and the eastern region became one of nigerias federal divisions with a strong ethnic identity. For this unit, colonialism and main features of indirect rule system are identified, so also the activities of european adventurers in nigeria and the impact of indirect rule.
Pros and cons of indirect rule essayswhat are the advantages and disadvantages of indirect rule of colonies. Sep 26, 2017 indirect rule is the system of government in which the traditional structures of the local people were employed in the administration of the british overseas territories in west africa. This past summer, i spent six weeks conducting predissertation research concerning colonialism in nigeria at the uk national archives. These dependencies were often called protectorates or trucial states. Tradition, modernity, and the costuming of political power rochester studies in african history and the diaspora. Pdf on jul 19, 2018, nadjouia hallouch and others published british indirect rule and islam in northern nigeria 19001940 find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate.
Sir frederick lugard 1922 formally described the system of indirect rule during his tenure in northern nigeria, although indirect rule characterized earlier ruling arrangements, including the residency system in india. An institutional theory of direct and indirect rule scholars at harvard. Give the reasons why the british used indirect rule in. One former british political officer in northern nigeria remarks, indirect rule. Advancing a feminist agenda for change a view from nigeria. The capital was later moved to enugu and the second capital was umuahia. Achieving human development for nigerias north east. In the north, appeals to islamic legitimacy upheld the rule of the emirs, so that nationalist sentiments there were decidedly antiwestern. The authors refer to this as an institutional theory of directindirect rule. The net effect of this dimension of indirect rule through imperial companies is that nigeria has remained imagined and governed not as a nationstate but as a corporation. The initial aim of such ruling form was the establishment of control of their colonies. Colonial and postcolonial human rights violations in nigeria.
Cultural psychiatry in the era of colonization and decolonization. Britain annexed lagos in 1861 and established the oil river protectorate in 1884. Pdf on jul 19, 2018, nadjouia hallouch and others published british. So as to counterminimize african resistance to the british rule by using local leaders at lower levels.
Indirect rule is the system of government in which the traditional structures of the local people were employed in the administration of the british overseas territories in west africa. Indirect rule has been prac close to lugards ideas. Such method was mainly used by the british and the french. Native authority, native treasury and native courts were also established to formally. Compare the effects of direct rule and indirect rule on african institutions today. It can be regarded as a form of showing and proclaiming power in nigeria. Africa, the journal of the international african institute, is. Ebune, phd department of history, university of buea abstract this paper attempts an evaluation of british administration in kumba division during the periods of the mandate and trusteeship. Indirect rule british colonial governance through native hereditary rulers. Indirect rule in nigeria definition, features, advantages. The eastern region was an administrative region in nigeria, dating back originally from the division of the colony southern nigeria in 1954.
Nigeria as a colony system subsequently institutionalized as indirect rule. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Reasons for indirect rule pacification and indirect rule in. The purpose of this paper is to compare the colonial and post colonial human rights violations in nigeria and shed light on the worsening human rights situation after independence as compared to the colonial period. Educational policy in nigeria from the colonial era to the. Essentially, local government was to be left in the hands of the traditional chiefs. The african chiefs would work at little or no pay at all. The state that indirect rule created was weak in several well dened ways. Nwabughuogu outlines why the reasons that lead to indirect rule do not measure up. The architect of the system, in west africa, was lord frederi. This policy of preserving the old social system until. Indirect rule in nigeria overview, reasons and results.
Lugard, who also introduced indirect rule into northern nigeria, had decreed in his political memoranda, the corpus of instructions to administrative officers, that. By contrast, the colonial government applied a policy of indirect rule in the north through muslim emirs. Christianity and western education were less prevalent in the north, creating significant cultural differences. General daumas, speaking to the legislative corps in algeria. Indirect vs direct rule in africa by hannah hancock on prezi. Africa, the journal of the international african institute, is published by the institute, but. Give the reasons why the british used indirect rule in northern nigeria. As the 19th century gave way to the 20th, indirect rule appeared to become the preferred approach. The british did, however, abolish slavery and impose a new legal system, both of which had significant effects on hausa women in nigeria. What is indirect rule in terms of colonies, and the. Despite the ostensible unification, the administrative individuality of the three separate regionsnorth, east, and westwas maintained. The protectorate wouldnt afford to pay all the european staff involved in direct rule, because the metropolitan government was quite stingy in.
The british ruled directly in southern nigeria and promoted largescale conversion to christianity. The negative effects of indirect rule on africans essay 1696 words 7 pages indirect rule was a system of ruling africans that sought not to displace african authority, but instead to rule through it. Christianity and western education were less prevalent in the. West africa, algeria, tunisia and morocco gold coast, sierra leone, nigeria, rhodesia, union of south america cecil rhodes expanded the british empire rhodesia is named after him what is indirect rule. We suggest that the challenges of postcolonial nationhood in nigeria derive impetus largely from this conception and management of colonial nigeria as a corporation. There is a widened western educational gap between the north and south of nigeria with the predominantly muslim areas of the north lagging behind due to some. Daytoday governance in hands of traditional rulers, but at the cost of taxation, military services in hands of the british throughout colonial africa and asia. One former british political officer in northern nigeria remarks, indirect rule was not so much a. Indirect rule in nigeria african affairs oxford academic. Get the knowledge you need in order to pass your classes and more. Advancing a feminist agenda for change a view from nigeria charmaine pereira i use inverted commas around identity to refer to the sense in which notions of who one is tend to be ascribed, if not prescribed, primarily by external forces such as static renditions of culture, tradition or religion. The british in northern nigeria, which became the model for indirect rule. Indirect rule is when one country, lets say england, governs another country, let say nigeria, but the governed people in nigeria get to keep certain administration and legal powers. Ali esq that form of government in which the sovereign power resides in and is exercised by the whole body of free citizens directly or indirectly through a system of.
Lugard, and the colony and protectorate of nigeria was established. The negative effects of indirect rule on africans essay. So as to enable africans to adjust to colonization without losing their identity. Or state five reasons why indirect rule was unsuccessful in southern nigeria. The central government consisted of a governor, executive, and a legislative council oyebade 2003, 65. How did the british imperial practice of indirect rule inform both the. Lugard instituted a policy of indirect rule through native authorities, who collected taxes and performed other local administrative tasks. So as to counterminimize african resistance to the british rule by using local leaders at. Native laws, for example islamic, were maintained in northern nigeria, with the exception of those considered barbaric. Biafra, nigeria, the west and the world the colonial and precolonial eras in nigeria englands indirect rule in its african colonies. History nigeria area, system, future, power, policy. This system was only possible when the local figures would coo. Why did the indirect rule work in northern nigeria and not in. Come browse our large digital warehouse of free sample essays.
Indirect rule northern rulersemirs continued to rule indirect rule. International african institute middlebury college. Lord frederick lugard let us begin with the definition of the indirect rule system. The people of southern nigeria were opposed to forced labor, taxation and oppression.
First, indirect rule by traditional and gerontocratic rulers has made it di. Religion, christian principles, islam, northern nigeria, indirect rule. Englands indirect rule in its african colonies aha. What links here related changes upload file special pages permanent link. Indirect rule was a system of governing newly acquired colonies that incorporated the cooperation of local political figures. Among the many reasons as to why indirect rule was introduced, these are the main ones. The chief characteristic of british rule in nigeria was its system of local administration, known as indirect rule. The principle of directindirect rule has rarely been applied in such a broad fashion. Perspective of nigerias democratic system by yusuf o. Library of congress federal research division country profile. Indirect rule, as developed in northern nigeria was a practical means of administering a huge territory, with only limited manpower and cash. British influence in the region began with the prohibition of slave trade to british subjects in 1807. Indirect rule had succeeded in other countries such as uganda and india.
Miss perhams great book, african affairs, volume xxxvi. Indirect rule british colonial governance through native hereditary rulers sharia muslim law based on the koran. A case for political decentralisation in nigeria a thesis submitted in fulfilment for the degree of. With indirect rule there was a central government and a local administration oyebade 2003, 65. Most parts of the protectorate were inaccessible due to poor means of transport and communication.
I am happy to note that just like in 2016, when the national hdr focused on human security and human development in nigeria and underlined the imperative of human security across the board, the focus of this report on nigerias north east is equally timely. Indirect rule and the comparative development of subsaharan. The british colonized the caliphate through a system of indirect rule, which reinforced many of the caliphates ways of governance. Fiscal federalism and local government finance in nigeria.
General daumas, speaking to the legislative corps in. Local emirs were rulers but real power stayed with the governor. The success of the system depended on fairly centralized hierarchical political units. In nigeria, a number of factors have contributed to the financial setback. Ghana under british indirect rule by michelle lee on prezi. Pdf an institutional theory of direct and indirect rule johan van. However the real reasons behind indirect rule had more to do with the. The nature and operation of indirect rule in northern nigerian, amply confirm these. Reasons for indirect rule pacification and indirect rule. Nigeria has been under this system of centralised administrative governance since 1914 when the northern and the southern. Ap comparative government nigeria flashcards quizlet. In the summary of the lecture in english it is official policy was that of. In 1933, lord lugard described indirect rule and the role of education in it.
Indirect rule was a system of governance used by the british and french to control parts of their colonial empires, particularly in africa and asia, through preexisting indigenous power structures. This predissertation research allowed me to piece together administrative and political decisions from. Forms of imperialism indirect control local government officials used limited selfrule goal. Indirect rule was a system of governance used by the british and french to control parts of their. Educational policy in nigeria hauwa imam educational policy in nigeria from the colonial era to the postindependence period hauwa imam1 abstract. Nigeria was run by indirect rule according to reports from colonial administrators in nigeria because of a staff shortage, the cheapness of the administration system, and the sustainability of the administration system oyebade 2003, 65. By this system, the daytoday government and administration of areas. There is a widened western educational gap between the north and south of nigeria with the predominantly muslim areas of the north lagging behind due to some historical antecedents. Psychiatry in nigeria in the era of colonization and. Fiscal federalism, local government, autonomy, finance 1.
Lakshmi iyer october 2008 abstract this paper compares economic outcomes across areas in india which were under direct british colonial rule with areas which were under indirect colonial rule. The demise of indirect rule in the emirates of northern nigeria. Impact of indirect rule in contrast to assimilation policies, great britain fol lowed a comparatively milder policy of indirect rule in its former colonies and territories. Violence link in the niger delta abstract this paper studies the oil. With the imposition of this indirect rule, the igbo people fought against the rule on behalf of other parts of nigeria in which nnamdi azikwe was the spoke person in chief. From the beginnings of colonization in nigeria, lord lugard put indirect rule in place oyebade 2003, 65. Tradition, modernity, and the costuming of political power rochester studies in african history and the diaspora myers, j. Ghana under british indirect rule the african perspective expert the european perspective expert indirect rule to control colonies maximizing trade income british influenced what was trade making trade safer historian the initial aim of british rule was to build influence in. Indirect rule, also known as indirect control, can be defined as a system of administration used by the british colonial government to direct the affairs of nigeria, using existing local power structures and trade networks simply put, indirect rule was a way britain ruled nigeria through local rulers who were themselves controlled and supervised by the british. Read this essay on indirect rule system in nigeria. Essentially, local government was to be left in the hands of the traditional chiefs, subject to the guidance of european officers. The region was officially divided in 1967 into three new states, the eastcentral state, rivers state and southeastern state. In his book the role of propaganda in the development of indirect rule in nigeria, anthony i.
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